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Kyno
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ORDE Registry
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Red List (1939–40) — OCR
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Ship Details
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- Ship type: Cargo Ship
Lloyd’s Yacht Register (1939)
Source: Lloyd’s Register Foundation, Heritage & Education Centre, Lloyd’s Register of Yachts 1939, digitised via Internet Archive. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Images have been converted, resized and watermarked for web display; machine-generated table OCR has been added.
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Document Collections — Tagged Pages
10 pagesImaged document collections containing pages whose OCR text or table data has been tagged with the name Kyno. Open a collection to view the page images and transcriptions.
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ANNE MARIE 16th Belgian drifter Lt.Car. N.V.Thew R.N. 26th May 1523 See under Pierre & Marie Left Portemouth, escorting the 27th May 1028 Left Days for Dunkiris, lending the Las. the PvV's Riyn1 paffodil and the 8,0's Ste_Andrew we and the dr. Viny. 1220 orr Bucy, ordered to return to Downs with Kyno. 1440 Ordered to return to Portsmouth with Kims 28th May 0333 Instructed Kyno to anchor in St. Holen's roads. 0704 Bailed for Dunkirk via Q.2.8.80 and 60. 1005 Signted floating French mine. Bunk it and proceeded. 1125 Observed 40 to 50 planes in aerial combat over Dunkirk. 1220 Socured alongside dr. Worcester inside ward MORIN 2317 Proceeded via Y route with 533 troops on board. 1400 dre. Sabre and Hontrose 2) miles shead proceeding to Dover, bombed by 15 Heinkels. 1408/ Attacked by 4 aircraft. Slight 1415 damage. 1730 off Dover. Montrose and Sabre in dompany. 1950 Disembarked 534 troops. 29th May 0645 The Tab Lieutenant, Lieut. R. de Law Brooke, R.N., assumed command. 0714 Proceeded via Y route to La Ponne, Woresster and Visty in company. 1045 Anchored La Panne. Embarked troops with 1/B and whaler and the ACORD 1525 Proceeded by Y route to Dover with 340 troops. 1555 Attacked by Heinkel H/L bomber. 1645 Attacked by Heinkel dive bomber. 1905 Arrived Dover. Disembarked 550 troope. 30th May 0326 Proceeded via X route to Dunkirk, with 36 large cases of Army mape. 0000 Encountered thick fog. 0741 Anchored ore STAY and lended one Royal Marine Start officer. Embarked 620 troops brought off by small oraft or every kind. 1105 Transferred army Mapa to a M/Y. Proceeded to Dover by X route, 1430 Dover. Disanbarked 886 troops. (3) 1440 Lt. Thew resumed command. 1623 To Dunkirk by X route. 1915 Secured alongoide East nier, Dunkirk. dr. Winchelaca embarking ahead. (2) This apparently was the end of Kyno's participation in (1) Ellerman wilson Line Ltd. Dynamo, (3) D.R. 61
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ANTHONY (H.40) 16th Destroyer Flotilla Lt.Cdr. N.V. Thew R.N. 26th May 1523 Left Portsmouth, escorting the S.S. Kyno 1) 27th May 1028 Left Dover for Dunkirk, leading the Kyno, the P.V's Royal Daffodil and St. Helier, the H.C's St. Andrew and St. Julien and the dr. Vimy. 1220 Off "R" Buoy, ordered to return to Downs with Kyno. 1440 Ordered to return to Portsmouth with Kyno. 28th May 0333 Instructed Kyno to anchor in St. Helen's roads. (2). 0704 Sailed for Dunkirk via Q.Z.S.80 and 60. 1005 Sighted floating French mine. Sunk it and proceeded. 1125 Observed 40 to 50 planes in aerial combat over Dunkirk. 1220 Secured alongside dr. Worcester inside Dunkirk eastern pier. 1317 Proceeded via Y route with 533 troops on board. 1400 drs. Sabre and Montrose 2½ miles ahead proceeding to Dover, bombed by 15 Heinkels. 1408/ Attacked by 4 aircraft. Slight 1415 damage. 1730 Off Dover. Montrose and Sabre in company. 1950 Disembarked 534 troops. 29th May 0645 The 1st Lieutenant, Lieut. R. de L. Brooke, R.N., assumed command. 0714 Proceeded via Y route tc La Panne, Worcester and Vimy in company. 1045 Anchored La Panne. Embarked troops with M/B and whaler and the M.L. C.15. 1525 Proceeded by Y route to Dover with 540 troops. 1555 Attacked by Heinkel H/L bomber. 1645 Attacked by Heinkel dive bomber. 1905 Arrived Dover. Disembarked 550 troops. 30th May 0326 Proceeded via X route to Dunkirk, with 36 large cases of Army maps. 0400 Encountered thick fog. 0741 Anchored off Bray and landed one Royal Marine Staff officer. Embarked 620 troops brought off by small craft of every kind. 1105 Transferred army maps to a M/Y. Proceeded to Dover by X route. 1430 Dover. Disembarked 886 troops. (3) 1440 Lt. Cdr. Thew resumed command. 1623 To Dunkirk by X route. 1915 Secured alongside East pier, Dunkirk. dr. Winchelsea embarking ahead. (1) Ellerman Wilson Line Ltd. (2) This apparently was the end of Kyno's participation in Dynamo. (3) D.R. 62
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ST. ANDREW Hospital Carrier Capt. H.C. Bond, Master. No. 24 (G.W.R.Co.) 26th May 1054 Left the Downs for Dunkirk, the H/C St. Julien in company. 1320 Shelled off Gravelines. Altered course to the northward, crossed the minefield and returned to Dover. 1835 Anchored in the Downs. " 27th May 1045 Left for Dunkirk, St. Jelien in company. a 1140 Joined company with the P/V's St. Helier and Royal Daffodil and the S.S. Kyno, which were being escorted by the drs. Anthony and Vimy. 1220 Off R buoy, the Anthony and the Kyno were ordered to return to the Downs. 1445 Air attack on the St. Andrew and St. Julien. 1620 Off Dunkirk. Air attacks. The St. 100 Helier and Royal Daffodil entered the harbour. 1750 The St. Andrew, in company with the St. Julien and St. Helier proceeded, escorted by Vimy. 2220 Arrived in the Downs. 28th/30th At Southampton. Sailed for Dover. May = 31st May 1544 Left Dover for Dunkirk. 1855 Berthed at Dunkirk. Air attacks. Embarked wounded. 2145 Proceeded. d 1st June 0714 Newhaven. Disembarked 130 wounded. Total 130 d Authority - R.O.III p.198. T.M. 6213/40. The following awards were made; Mention in Despatches. Captain H.C. Bond, Master. 58
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VIKING III Dinghy (Owner, J.S. Houlton) Did not return from Dunkirk. 27th May P/V's 01, Helier and in caspany with the via poute & Ordered to return to Dover because or Authority - TO.9144. enemy batteries at Oravelines. TO.9436. Anchored in Dover. Proceeded in company with the dr. Anthony, the S.8. Kyno and the and Royal Unfrodil overtward through the Downe. 1140 The B/C's St. Andrew and 8t. Julien joined company 0.0 they had no sharts for route Y. 1230 The Anthony and the Kyno returned to the Downg. 1445 Between West Winder and Kwinte Bank booys, two bombing attacks were made on the hospital carriers. Both salvos missed. 1622 Joined the dr. Wolsey, which was lying Dunkirk breakwater. 8t, Helier a and Royal Deffodil proceeded inside the herbour. The hospital ships repained outside. 1740 Both transports left the harbour and lay off outside. Royal Daffodil ordered to remain off the harbour. 1750 The Viny in company with the St. Helier and the 2 hospital ships proceeded by route Y for Dover. While the Visy was off Dunkirk the town was continuously bombed by high level humbers. 2200 The convoy anchored in the Downs. 2308 The Viary proceeded to Dunkirk. 2355ea Lt. Car. Knowling left the bridge, and was not seen again. 28th May 0300 Licot. A.P. Northly assumed command of the Viny, 0320 Arrived off beach 3 miles east of Dunkirk. The M/S Brighton Belle was embarking troops from G French canal boat and a small pulling boat. The Vimy lowered her boats and sent them to assist in rilling ep the 0445 Leoving her boats behind, the Viry went Brighton Beller alongside Dunkirk East pier and embarked about 600 troops. 0545 Proceeded to Dover by poute Y. 1015 Arrived Dover, Disembarked 613 troops. Bailed for Dunkirir via route 1. 1105 Between Kwinte Hank and Nivoport Bank 1415 bunys, about 20 Heinkele attacked Vimy and your in the vicinity. No damage. 1532 Entered Dunkirk and 1807 Proceeded for Dover by route ¥ with the dr. Gronade at east pier 2250 Arrived 591 about 630 278 19
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VIMY (D.33) Destroyer (Nore Command) Lt.Cdr. R.G. K. Knowling, R.N. Lieut. A.P.W.Northey, R.N. Lt.Cdr. M.W. E. Wentworth, R.N. 27th May 0630 Sailed from Dover in company with the P/V's St. Helier and Royal Daffodil, via route Z. 0710 Ordered to return to Dover because of 0810 enemy batteries at Gravelines. Anchored in Dover. 1054 Proceeded in company with the dr. Anthony, the S.S. Kyno and the St. Helier and Royal Daffodil - northward through the Downs. 1140 The H/C's St. Andrew and St. Julien joined company as they had no charts for route Y. 1230 The Anthony and the Kyno returned to the Downs. 1445 Between West Hinder and Kwinte Bank buoys, two bombing attacks were made on the hospital carriers. Both salvos missed. 1622 Joined the dr. Wolsey, which was lying off Dunkirk breakwater. St. Helier a and Royal Daffodil proceeded inside the harbour. The hospital ships remained outside. 1740 Both transports left the harbour and lay off outside. Royal Daffodil ordered to remain off the harbour. 1750 The Vimy in company with the St. Helier and the 2 hospital ships proceeded by route Y for Dover. While the Vimy was off Dunkirk the town was continuously bombed by high level bombers. 2200 The convoy anchored in the Downs. 2308 The Vimy proceeded to Dunkirk. 2355ca Lt. Cdr. Knowling left the bridge, and was not seen again. 28th May 0300 Lieut. A.P. Northey assumed command of the Vimy. 0320 Arrived off beach 3 miles east of Dunkirk. The M/S Brighton Belle was embarking troops from a French canal boat and a small pulling boat. The Vimy lowered her boats and sent them to assist in filling up the Brighton Belle. 0445 Leaving her boats behind, the Vimy went alongside Dunkirk East pier and embarked about 600 troops. 0545 Proceeded to Dover by route Y. 1015 Arrived Dover. Disembarked 613 troops. 1105 Sailed for Dunkirk via route Y. 1415 Between Kwinte Bank and Nieuport Bank buoys, about 20 Heinkels attacked Vimy and four other destroyers in the vicinity. No damage. Entered Dunkirk and secured alongside 1532 the dr. Grenade at east pier Proceeded for Dover by route Y with 1807 Arrived Dover. Disembarked 591 troops. about 650 troops. 2250 279
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Source: The National Archives, Kew, ADM 199 795. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Dynam 198 "St Anderw" Hospital Carrier No. 24. 181 Narrative of events , May 95th., to June 5th., 1940. ay 25/1940. 1617. Left Newhaven and proceeded full speed to Dover for orders. 2020. Received orders at Dover to anchor at Downs. 2107. Anchored. ay 26/1940. 0325. Anchor aweigh and proceed towards Dover for orders, and when off South Foreland was orddred to roturn to anchorage at Downs. 1054. Hove up and in company with H.C. "St Julien" proceeded to Dunkirk via Calais and Gravelines. When in buoyed channel abreast of Gravelines at 1320 was heavily shelled by shore batteries, and mmorous shells fell on bothsides of the vessel. Continued on course for some time, but the shelling increased in intensity and I was forced off shore, and puttung the vessels head to the Northward I had no alternative but to cross the minefield to enable me to pick up the Channel route and return to Dover. 1810. Received orders at Dover to 30 to anchorage. 1835. Anchored at Downs. ay 27/1940. 1110. Hove up and proceeded towards Dunkirk (N.about passage) in convoy of two destroyers-H.M.S. "Anthony and "Vority", /vimy and H.N.Transports-"st.Helier" "Royal Daffodil" and eastward of N.Goodwin L.V., H.ll.Transport"Kyno" in "Kyno", and "St. Julien". When a for miles to the company of one destroyer returned, the remainder of the When in Lat.50-224' N. Long.2-39' E. an enery plane convoy continuing on course to Dunkirk. crossing from starboard to port of convoy's course, dropped four bombs very close to the vessel's port Dow, and "St.Julien"s" starboard quartor. The plane then continued circling around dropped another four near the 1620. Arrived on off Dunkirk during continual heavy air raids. its course towards the Bolgian coast. The ordered out, signalling this vessel and the"st.Julion" two leading ships entered port and were immediately falling to fast all around the ships in the harbour and the remain outside. During this manouyers bombs were 1744. Convoy reformed and returned to Dover in company of one ships outside. destroyer. 9239. Anchored at Downs. May 28/1940. 1100. plane attackedand four bombs were dropped, ship.Plane and seen Enemy fall midway between S.Goodwin.L.V.and vicinity. this 1500. was Received kept orders to proceed Southampton. Arrived Netley to off by gunfire of destroyers in May 29/1940. At Anchorage Southampton at 2359. under immediate orders.Ordinary ship's repairs being dealt with during stay. May 30/1940. 1705. Left Southampton for Dover for orders, Nothing eventful during passage. May 31/1940. 0035. Arrived off Dover.Receiving no orders dropped anchor off
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Source: The National Archives, Kew, ADM 199 xxx. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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Dynam 248. No duphine briesedings 554 SECRET. From.....The Commanding Officer, H.M. of "Viny". Date. 3rd June, 1940. R et. No. 154/6/35. To The Vice Admiral, Dover. Copies to :- The Captain (D), Liveryool. Subject.. Report of Proceedings. The following reports of submitted. proceedings for the period 27th May to 20th May 1940. Monday 87th May 1940. Daffodil* 2. at 0630 and proceeded for Dunkirk via French Coast Slipped in company with S.S. S, "St. Helier" and "Royal Searched Channels (Route 3). 3. account of reported enemy batteries at Gravelines. Anchored Orders to return to Dover were received at 0710 on in Dover at 0810. in 4. company with H.M.S. "Anthony", S.S. "Kyno" (10 knts), "St. Helier" At 1054, having received verbal orders to proceed weighed and "Royal Daffodil* and proceeded northward through B owns. company 5. as they had no charts for Route ays. At 1340 Hospital Ships St. Andrew and St. Julian joined 6. At 1230 H.M. & "Anthony" and S& "Kyno" parted company to return to the Downs. 7. Convey then ipereased speed to 30 knots and proceeded to Dunkirk via Route "Y". 8. two bombing attacks were made on the Hospital ships by two twin At 1445 when between WBST HINDER and KWINTE BANK buoys engined aircraft. Both salves missed. 9. Joined "Wolsey" who was laying off Dunkirk Breakwater at 1622. hospital 10. ships remained outside. Both transports then proceeded inside the harbour, the lying 11. QIf outside. Royal Daffodil was then ordered to remain the off By 1740 both transports had left the harbour and were the harbour and we proceeded in company with St Helier and two hospital ships for Dover by Route Bys at 1750. was not attacked but several bombers passed nearby, and the A.A. continuously 12. bombed by twin engined high level bombers. The ship During the period the ship was off Dunkirk the town was armaments were frequently in action. "Vimy" 13. remained off the W.S.S. at South Foreland for orders. On arrival in Downs at 2200 the convoy anchored and 14
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Source: The National Archives, Kew, ADM 234 360. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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THE EVACUATION FROM DUNKIRK CHAP. IV round trip from 80 to 172 miles, and the for route the had to be swept before it and thence into the Dunkirk Impulsive, the THE be used. Orders were therefore given the North Goodwin route (the middle Route X), from road, and at 1140 commenced by the destroyer Vessel Patricia. This advantage of shortening the round trip to 108 miles. Halcyon, and the Trinity House from 172 route X had the great and Helier¹ and Royal Daffodil, which left at 1054 under escort of the des- St. Among the earliest ships to use the Dover northern Route Y were the P/V's The convoy was joined en route by the hospital carriers St. Andrew and St. troyer Vimy; in company was the destroyer Anthony, escorting the S.S. Kyno.2 Julien. Route Y was certainly, at that time, out of range of gunfire, but two bombing attacks were made on the hospital carriers between the West Hinder and Kwint Bank buoys, and when the convoy arrived off Dunkirk heavy air attacks were in progress there. The Royal Daffodil and the St. Helier entered the harbour, but the latter was ordered to withdraw, and she and the 2 hospital carriers returned empty to the Downs under escort of the Vimy. The Royal Daffodil embarked 840 troops before returning to Dover. Sea and Air Patrols The principal patrol line covered in the morning of the 27th May by Fighter Command, was Calais-Dunkirk, as it was not known that the Calais garrison had ceased fire. From 1450 onwards, however, Calais fell out of the picture, and it became possible to concentrate fighter protection more exclusively on the work of evacuation³. Sixteen squadrons, varying in strength from 9 to 20 aircraft, were engaged on these activities from 0500-2130; patrols were, how- ever, limited to squadron strength. Most squadrons carried out 2 patrols, and 287 sorties in all were flown during the day.4 To cover the passage of ships between Dunkirk and the Downs destroyer patrols had been established to the northward during the forenoon, and Vice- Admiral, Dover, asked for 6 additional destroyers to strengthen the Dover forces. The Admiralty immediately ordered 4 destroyers from the Western Approaches Command, and 2 from the Portsmouth Command, to proceed to Dover.⁵ Ex-Dutch skoots for Dunkirk Other vessels were on their way to Dunkirk during the day, among them being 15 skoots⁶. Of these the Lena, Hebe II, and later the Oranje, arrived off the beaches and embarked troops during the night of 27th/28th May the Abel Tasman, Alice and Kaap Falga, loaded with ammunition and food, arrived off La Panne early in the morning of 28th May; the Hilda and Doggers- bank reached Dunkirk by noon the 28th May, and were sent to the beaches; while the remainder⁷, in error, returned to the Downs, after having got within a few miles of Dunkirk. 2 Off R buoy the Anthony, with the Kyno, was ordered back to the Downs and sub- I Eleven of the St. Helier's crew had been replaced by naval ratings. sequently 3 to Portsmouth. The Kyno took no further part in Operation "Dynamo". R.A.F. Narrative, p. 319. 5 4 R.A.F. Narrative, P. 320. Scimitar were sent. Appendices D. 1 and D. 2. The Wakeful, Mackay, Worcester, Montrose, Shikari and 6 7 See Appendix F. The Bornrif, Brandaris, Hondsrug, Jutland, Patria, Tilly, and Twente. 20
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THE EVACUATION FROM DUNKIRK CHAP. IV from the St. Seiriol and Queen of the Channel, in addition to the drifters' beaches during the night dinghies, enabled these drifters of the to 27th/28th lift some May. 2,000 troops from Malo and Bray own Results of S.N.O. Dunkirk's 2005/27 assembling off the beaches on 1 cruiser, 27th/28th May the Wolfhound, As a result of the action taken the on night S.N.O. of Dunkirk's signals, there 3 Channel skoots and (the the Lena, St. Hebe Seiriol). other II and All small Oranje) these ships boats, were ordered to use Queen of thers, their own Wolsey and 6 other destroyers¹, a pulling boats, were yet available. boats for ferrying, as no power cutters, whalers or other S.N.O. Dunkirk's signals had therefore a big result; but owing to the diffi- culty of passing orders at night in a shattered harbour his decision to divert vessels to the beaches had unforeseen repercussions, and it was associated with a false report that Dunkirk had fallen, and the failure of one personnel vessel and 7 skoots to reach the beaches that night. The circumstances are described below. The P/V Canterbury, which had entered Dunkirk harbour at 2000, left at 2058 with 457 troops, including 140 stretcher cases. Before leaving, she was ordered by the Sea Transport Officer to turn back ships attempting to enter Dunkirk the order, evidently intended to divert ships to the beaches, was misunderstood. In the Dunkirk road, the Canterbury passed the order to the P/V Maid of Orleans and to the H/C's Isle of Thanet and Worthing, and those vessels thereupon turned back to Dover. Later the order became definitely garbled, for the skoot Tilly (which was in company with the 4 skoots Hondsrug, Jutland, Patria and Brandaris) met the Canterbury (in company with the 2 hospital carriers) 8 or 9 miles from Dunkirk, and received from her the signal "Dunkirk is in enemy hands. Keep clear." This signal was variously recorded by some of the other skoots, as Dunkirk has fallen. Re- turn"; and all five of them, as well as the skoots Bornrif and Twente, did in fact return to the Downs, although the Jutland and the Patria first closed Nieuport Bank buoy in an unsuccessful endeavour to obtain more definite information. Some of the skoots, in turn, promulgated this false report to other ships, notably to the P/V Dorrien Rose; this ship, which received the signal, unsafe to approach Dunkirk," did at first alter course to the north- ward, but, shortly after, again set course for Dunkirk. It was subsequently thought by some of the vessels concerned that the false information had been passed by fifth columnists," though there is very little proof of this.³ Chronic shortage' of beaching boats Such was the beginning of the great build-up of ships4 and of the inaugura- tion of beach evacuation. The successful development of the latter was necessarily good in into I the The of northern situation the dependent chronic having sector shortage changed on between the by continuation the south-west of beaching and of boats⁵. fine north-east weather, A wind would and and of any Wakeful the have strength making made went from Dunkirk. The Windsor remained time they arrived, Anthony the Gallant had not yet returned 2 Portsmouth whither she had escorted on the patrol. S.S. Kyno. The Canterbury's report. 4 3 See Appendices H.30 and H.32. 5 Appendices D, E and F. D.R. page 3, para. 11. 24
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Source: The National Archives, Kew, MT 40 66. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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DEPARTMENT SEAL - 3 - 179 ships, while at the same time the Transport "SCOTIA", which was 20 overtaking, was attacked by small motor torpedo craft. On this GREAT STATE occasion, the tide being high, it was possible to make zig-zag courses, and return to Dover over the Banks. Orders were to anchor in the Downs, which were reached at 6.30p.m. On Monday, the 27th May, at 11.0a.m. left. Downs in convoy with "ST.HELIER", "KYNO", "ROYAL DAFFODIL", "ST.JULIEN", and two escorting Destroyers, this time by the North Sea route, making the coast in the vicinity of Ostend. While on passage, planes approached the convoy, and passed first over the "ST.ANDREW", releasing many bombs which fell very close, and off the port bow, and which subjected the ship to great shock from under-water explosions. Shortly after another salvo was dropped, which fell close to the "ST.JULIEN'S" starboard quarter. Shortly after 3.30p.m. the French coast was sighted, and from then until our arrival off Dunkirk Pier Heads enemy planes were constantly over head. About 4.20p.m. the Port was reached, and the ST.HELIER" and the "ROYAL DAFFODIL" entered; and this appeared to be the signal for enemy planes to heavily bomb the harbour, while another flight passed over us and the other ships that were waiting outside. Countless bombs were dropped, and with such rapidity that it was impossible to take any action to avoid them. Later the "ST. HELIER" came out of Harbour and informed the JULIEN" and the "ST-ANDREW" that the S.T.O. had ordered that no ships should enter for fear of blocking the Harbour, the quay walls of which had already collapsed. Thus the convoy re-formed under a covering fire from the escorting Destroyers, and returned to the Downs, which were reached at 10.30p.m. On Tuesday, the 28 May, at 11.50p.m. and while at anchor in the Downs, one or more enemy planes passed over the anchorage, and dropped several bombs all of which Dell clear. At 3.30p.m. orders were received to proceed to Southampton, which was reached at midnight. On Wednesday, the 29th May, the vessel oiled and stored, while Harland & Wolffe commenced to put concrete shields on the navigation bridge. The ship was on short notice, and no liberty was given to the crew. On Thursday, the 30th May, the ve sel sailed in the late afternoon for Dover, which was reached shortly after midnight, and vessel sailed shortly after mid-day for Dunkirk, this time alone, although the "ST. DAVID" was to follow shortly afterwards. On the arrival of the "ST. ANDREW", a Destroyer instructed her to berth wherever she could find room, and this was done along- we side the pier. At ordinary times this would have been considered 1g impossible, and at that time was doubly difficult owing to the ad , large number of sunken vessels. n esc After berthing, which was done during a heavy air raid, t the Authorities requested the ANDREW" to move to another part cra of the Harbour, where a portion of the quay was still standing. When the vessel arrived at this berth, it was discovered that the ambulances had been bombed, and that they were either empty or contained dead men, while the quay was in such a state
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